See also[edit]
- Lamborghini LM002, the V12-powered spiritual predecessor to the Urus (1986-1993
1.2013 Ferrari F12 Berlinetta
The Ferrari F12berlinetta[3] (also unofficially referred to as the F12 Berlinetta or the F12, and unofficially stylized as the F12B for short)(Type F152) is a front mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive grand tourer produced by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari. The F12berlinetta debuted at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, and replaces the 599 grand tourer.[6] The naturally aspirated 6.3 litre Ferrari V12 engine
used in the F12berlinetta has won the 2013 International Engine of the
Year Award in the Best Performance category and Best Engine above 4.0
litres. The F12berlinetta was named "The Supercar of the Year 2012" by
car magazine Top Gear. The F12berlinetta was replaced by the 812 Superfast in 2017.
In 2014, the F12berlinetta was awarded the XXIII Premio Compasso d'oro ADI. Accepting the award was Ferrari’s Senior Vice President of Design, Flavio Manzoni.
Specifications[edit]
Engine[edit]
.jpg)
The F12berlinetta uses a 6,262 cc (6.3 L; 382.1 cu in), naturally aspirated 65° V12 engine of the Ferrari F140 engine family. Displacement is shared with the FF, but the F140 FC version installed on the F12 generates a power output of 740 PS (544 kW; 730 hp) at 8,250 rpm[2] and
690 N⋅m (509 lb⋅ft) of torque at 6,000 rpm, making it the fourth most
powerful Ferrari road car produced to date, only surpassed by the LaFerrari, F12tdf and its successor, the 812 Superfast.[1][2][7][8]
The engine of the F12berlinetta has been designed to be more efficient than that of the 599, as well as more powerful. The engine management system is fitted with Ferrari's HELE start-stop system to reduce fuel consumption when idling. Ferrari reports that the F12berlinetta can achieve 18 mpg‑imp (15.7 L/100 km; 15.0 mpg‑US) – a 30% improvement over the 599 – and produces CO2 emissions of 350 g/km.[2][6]
Transmission[edit]
Similar to the California, 458 Italia, FF and LaFerrari, the F12berlinetta transmits power through a 7-speed dual-clutch semi-automatic gearbox
operated by the driver using paddle shifters present behind the
steering wheel. Compared to similar models, the F12berlinetta uses
shortened gear ratios to match the power of the engine.[3][7]
Chassis[edit]
The F12berlinetta is built around an aluminium space frame chassis co-developed with Scaglietti.
The chassis is made up of 12 different aluminium alloys and improves
structural rigidity by 20% over the 599, whilst reducing weight by 70 kg
(154 lb). The centre of gravity has also been lowered by around 25 mm
(1 in). The F12berlinetta's weight distribution is 48% front, 52% rear.[9]
.jpg)
Similar to other contemporary Ferrari models, the F12berlinetta uses Ferrari's third generation CCM3 carbon ceramic disc brakes with ABS, SCM-E magnetorheological suspension, an electronic LSD, ESP Premium stability control and F1-Trac traction control. The car's stability and traction control, suspension and other settings are controlled by the Manettino dial mounted on the steering wheel.[3]
Tyres[edit]
The F12berlinetta is fitted with Michelin Pilot Super Sport tyres, with the tyre codes 255/35 ZR20 (on 20"×9.5J wheels) at the front and 315/35 ZR20 (on 20"×11.5J wheels) at the rear.[2][10]
Aerodynamics[edit]
.jpg)
The F12berlinetta makes use of aerodynamic techniques based on Ferrari's 599XX and Formula One programmes, developed with wind tunnel and CFD testing.
A notable feature is the Aero Bridge, an air channel running from the
bonnet, through the flanks and along the sides of the vehicle, creating
an effect that increases downforce.
Another feature is Active Brake Cooling ducts, which open to direct
cooling air only when the brakes are hot, keeping them closed at other
times to reduce aerodynamic drag.
The F12berlinetta produces 123 kg (271 lb) of downforce at 200 km/h
(124 mph) – an increase of 76% over the 599 GTB – and has a drag coefficient of 0.299.[1][2][3][7]
Performance[edit]
Ferrari reports that the F12berlinetta is capable of lapping the Fiorano test circuit in 1 minute, 23 seconds; three seconds slower than the LaFerrari, a full second faster than the 599 GTO, two seconds faster than the Enzo Ferrari, two seconds faster than the 458 Italia, three seconds faster than the 430 Scuderia and three and a half seconds faster than the 599 GTB.[11]
Ferrari claimed the F12berlinetta to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h
(62 mph) in 3.1 seconds, 0 to 200 km/h (124 mph) in 8.5 seconds and to
reach a top speed of 340 km/h (211 mph).[1][8]
Design[edit]
The body of the F12berlinetta is designed by the Ferrari Styling Centre and Pininfarina, and shares some styling elements with other recent Ferrari models. This includes a front grille similar to the FF and headlights shared with the FF and 458 Italia. The interior, based on the FF, features new "Frau leather" upholstery with aluminium, Alutex, and carbon fibre trim, and has increased luggage space compared to the 599.[3][7]
The body computer system is developed by Magneti Marelli Automotive Lighting.
Ferrari F12tdf (2015–2017)[edit]
.jpg)
The F12tdf (tour de France) is a track-focused version of the F12berlinetta unveiled in October 2015.[12] The name pays homage to the Tour de France automobile race
held between 1899 and 1986 and which was regularly won by the Ferrari
250 between 1956 and 1964. The F12tdf shares the same 6.3 litre V12
engine with the F12berlinetta, but with power output increased to 780 PS
(574 kW; 769 hp) at 8500 rpm and 705 N⋅m (520 lb⋅ft) of torque at 6750
rpm. The F12tdf is 110 kg (243 lb) lighter than the F12, having a
claimed dry weight of 1,415 kg (3,120 lb). Ferrari claimed the F12tdf to
accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 2.9 seconds and 0 to 200 km/h
(124 mph) in 7.9 seconds. The top speed was claimed to be 'in excess of
340 km/h (211 mph)'. The car has recorded a 1 minute 21 seconds lap
time on Ferrari's Fiorano test circuit , 2 seconds faster than the
standard F12berlinetta and 488 GTB, and just 1.3 seconds behind the fastest lap set by the LaFerrari.[13] F12tdf was designed by Ferrari Styling Centre.[14] Production of the F12tdf was limited to 799 units.
One-offs and special editions[edit]
Ferrari F12 TRS[edit]
The F12 TRS is a one-off barchetta based on the F12berlinetta, made for a customer by Ferrari under its Special Projects programme. It made its public debut in Sicily at the Ferrari Cavalcade in June 2014. Designed in-house by the Centro Stile Ferrari headed by Flavio Manzoni, it took inspiration from the 1957 250 Testa Rossa,
reinterpreted in a modern design language. The car has a Barchetta
bodystyle, harking back to the original Testarossa. A redesigned rear
section also recalls the styling of the Testarossa in a modern fashion.
The front of the car features a redesigned front bumper and a new engine
cover with a glass panel displaying the V12 engine's cylinder heads.[15][16] The F12 TRS also made an appearance at the 2014 Goodwood Festival of Speed.[17]
In November 2014, a second F12 TRS was spotted testing at Circuito Monteblanco in Spain, painted in black,[18] while the red version was displayed again in January 2015 at the Festival Automobile International in Paris.
The black F12 TRS was seen again, this time in Rome at
the Ferrari Cavalcade in June 2015, now finished in liquid silver
paintwork and featuring a redesigned front bumper, headlights, mirrors
and rear diffuser.[19]
Established in May 1972 with 35 employees,[1] it
grew to 400 employees by 1988, and is currently an integral part of
BMW's market presence. The first racing project was BMW’s 3.0 CSL.
After the success of BMW M products like BMW 3.0 CSL in racing
venues and the growing market for high performance sports cars, M
introduced cars for sale to the public. The first official M-badged car
for sale to the public was the M1,
revealed at the Paris Motor Show in 1978. The M1, however, was more of a
racecar in domestic trim than an everyday driver. The direction of the M
cars changed with the 1979 release of the M535i, which was a high performance version of BMW’s popular 5 Series mid-size sedan.
In 1993 BMW Motorsport GmbH changed their name to BMW M GmbH.
BMW Motorsport GmbH supplied the 6.1 litre V12 DOHC 48 valve engine that powers the McLaren F1, which, like its engine supplier and manufacturer, has enjoyed plenty of racing success, famously winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1995, the first year of competition for the GTR racing variant.
Recent history[edit]
At present, BMW M has offered modified versions of nearly every BMW nameplate, except for the Z1, 7 Series flagship luxury sedan and the X1 compact
crossover SUVs. There is no BMW M version of the 7 Series, as BMW did
not want its flagship saloon to be powered by a high-revving engine, and
as the recent top-performing versions (usually the BMW 760Li) have V12
engines which while powerful are considered too heavy for a sporty
offshoot. So far the unofficial "BMW M7" is the Alpina B7, which is produced on BMW's assembly line though its engine and finishing touches are done by auto tuner Alpina.[2][3][4][5][6] However,
as BMW M shifted to turbocharged engines, there are rumors that there
is an in-house BMW M7 in the works, and it is speculated that its
performance may exceed that of the BMW 760Li and Alpina B7.[7][8]
The BMW X5 and X6 sport activity vehicles received
M derivatives for the 2010 model year onwards. These are the first M
vehicles with xDrive four-wheel drive and automatic transmissions, and
also the first M-badged SUV models. However, the E70 and E71 X5 and X6 M
were actually developed by BMW Group rather than by BMW M.
Although these are considered the most well known in-house tuning
divisions, BMW M has a considerably different philosophy than
Mercedes-AMG. BMW M has emphasized tuning only vehicles with "Lateral
agility" (which has long been the 3 Series, 5 Series, and roadsters),
while AMG has created high-performance versions of many of its
nameplates, including flagship sedans and SUVs. Accordingly, "an M car
has to be responsive and fundamentally keen on turning as well as
accelerating. The M5's technical spec is all about connecting the driver
to a car that reacts blindingly fast, whatever request the driver hands
down." Until the 2010 model year, BMW M has also never used
supercharging or turbocharging, unlike Mercedes-AMG or Audi;
for instance the E39 and E60 iterations of the BMW M5 (using
naturally-aspirated engines) competed against the Mercedes-Benz E55 AMG
(with a supercharged V8) and the Audi RS6 (twin-turbo).[9][10]
BMW M vehicles typically used manuals and semi-automatic transmissions (the most recent type being a dual clutch transmission), in contrast to Mercedes-AMG which largely has automatic transmissions (the 7-speed AMG SpeedShift MCT, which is multi-clutch, but not a dual clutch transmission[11], was used on new models from 2009 onward). However, the North American market E36 M3s in sedan and convertible form were the first M-vehicles offered with a traditional torque-converter automatic transmission.
BMW M engines were traditionally large displacement naturally aspirated high revving engines, particularly the S85 V10 in the E60 M5 and E63 M6 and the related S65 V8 in the E90 M3. These are the most powerful engines BMW has ever built (not including the BMW S70/2)
without supercharging or turbocharging, with an output of 100 hp per
liter of displacement, and each has won numerous International Engine of
the Year Awards.[9][12][13] As
late as the early 2000s, BMW regarded forced-induction (supercharging
or turbocharging) as low-tech shortcuts to boosting horsepower, stating
that this adds weight and complexity while reducing throttle response.[10] BMW
purists have noted that while forced induction and/or large
displacement does produce more torque for better day-to-day driving,
most of them like the "character" and sound of low displacement
naturally aspirated engines with high redlines.[14]
However, the late 2000s international regulations trends on reducing CO2
emissions and fuel consumption are cited as the reasons not to continue
further development on naturally aspirated high redline engines. The N54 twin-turbo
inline-6 which debuted in the 2007 BMW 335i (E90) gives almost
equivalent performance to the E46 and E90 iterations of the BMW M3,
while being much more practical and fuel-efficient as a daily driver.[15] Starting with the X5 M and X6 M, and featured in the F10 M5, BMW used the twin-turbocharged S63 which
not only produces more horsepower and torque, but is also more
efficient than the S85 V10. Also unlike the S85 and S65 which do not
share a design with non-M BMW engines, the S63 has significant parts
commonality with the base N63 V8 engine (which is also has twin
turbochargers) making them less expensive to build.[16][17] At the present (2012), BMW has not considered supercharging yet.[18]
As of the 2013 model year, the BMW M3 (E92/E93)
is the only "traditional" M car left, as the rest of the M lineup
features turbocharged engines, and the next iteration of the M3 (F80)
and M4 (F82/F83) features a twin turbo straight-6 engine.[19][20][21][22][23]
2.R8 (2006 To Present)
The Audi R8[2] is a mid-engine, 2-seater sports car,[2][3] which uses Audi's trademark quattro permanent all-wheel drive system.[2] It was introduced by the German car manufacturer Audi AG in 2006.
The car is exclusively designed, developed, and manufactured by Audi
AG's private subsidiary company manufacturing high performance
automotive parts, Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH),[4] and is based on the Lamborghini Gallardo and presently the Huracán platform.[5] The fundamental construction of the R8 is based on the Audi Space Frame,[2] and uses an aluminium monocoque which is built using space frame principles. The car is built by Audi Sport GmbH in a newly renovated factory at Audi's 'aluminium site' at Neckarsulm in Germany.[2]
It is also the first production car with full-LED headlamps.[6]
First generation (2006–2015: Type 42)[edit]
The Audi R8, based on the Audi Le Mans quattro concept car (designed by Frank Lamberty and Julian Hoenig) first appeared at the 2003 International Geneva Motor Show and the 2003 Frankfurt International Motor Show. The R8 road car was officially launched at the Paris Auto Show on 30 September 2006. There was some confusion with the name, which the car shares with the 24 Hours of Le Mans winning R8 Le Mans Prototype (LMP).
Initial models included the R8 4.2 FSI coupé (with a V8 engine) and R8
5.2 FSI coupé (with a V10 engine). Convertible models, called the Spyder by
the manufacturer, were introduced in 2008. Followed by the
high-performance GT model introduced in 2011. The Motorsport variants of
the R8 were also subsequently introduced from 2008 onwards. An
all-electric version called the e-Tron started development but would
only reach production stage when the second generation model would be
introduced.
6-time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Jacky Ickx described the R8 as "the best handling road car today".[7][8][9]
The car received a facelift in 2012 and a new model called the V10 Plus
was now added to the range. Production of the Type 42 ended in August
2015.[10][11][12]
3.Bugatti Chiron
Specifications and performance[edit]
.jpg)
The main carry over component from the Veyron is the 7,993 cc (8.0 L) quad-turbocharged W16 engine,
though it is heavily updated. The engine in the Chiron has a peak power
output of 1,103 kW (1,500 PS; 1,479 hp) at 6,700 rpm and 1,600 N⋅m
(1,180 lb⋅ft) of torque starting from 2,000 to 6,000 rpm. The engine in
the most powerful variant of its predecessor, the Veyron Super Sport generates
220 kW (299 PS; 295 bhp) less than the new Chiron, while the engine in
the original Veyron generates 367 kW (499 PS; 492 hp) less power.[10][11]
Like its predecessor, the Veyron, the Chiron utilises a carbon fibre body structure, independent suspension and a Haldex All-wheel drive system.[12][13][14] The carbon fibre body has a stiffness of 50,000 Nm per degree.[15]
The Chiron can accelerate from 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) in 2.4 seconds according to the manufacturer,[4] 0–200 km/h
(0–124 mph) in 6.5 seconds and 0–300 km/h (0–186 mph) in 13.6 seconds.
In a world-record-setting test at the time in 2017, the Chiron reached
400 km/h (249 mph) in 32.6 seconds, after which it needed 9.4 seconds to
brake to standstill.[16]
The Chiron's top speed is electronically limited to 420 km/h (261 mph),
or 375–380 km/h (233–236 mph) without the specific key, for safety
reasons, mainly arising from the tyres as the manufacturer concluded
that no tyre currently manufactured would be able to handle the stress
at the top speed the Chiron is capable of achieving.[2][17] Independent testing by an owner has indicated that the Chiron can easily attain its limited top speed.[18] Mixed fuel consumption is 22.5 L/100 km (12.55 mpg‑imp; 10.45 mpg‑US).[19]
Sales[edit]
The first 200 cars were sold before the first delivery of the car.[20] The base price is €2,400,000[21][20] and buyers were required to place a €200,000 deposit before their purchase.[20]
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